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Rudolf von Laban

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rudolf von Laban</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Laban presenting his system of <a href="Labanotation" title="Labanotation">Labanotation</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rudolf Laban</div> 15 December 1879 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>, <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1867%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1867–1918)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (modern-day Bratislava, Slovakia)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1958(1958-07-01) (aged 78) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a>, <a href="England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreography</a>, <a href="Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">dance theory</a>, <a href="Labanotation" title="Labanotation">Labanotation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Labanotation" title="Labanotation">Labanotation</a> (a movement notation system)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">Expressionist dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Lisa_Ullman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisa Ullman">Lisa Ullman</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Rudolf (von) Laban, also known as Rudolph von Laban (<a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Lábán Rudolf;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 15 December 1879 – 1 July 1958),<a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2">[2]</a> was an <a href="Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="Dance" title="Dance">dance artist</a>, <a href="Choreographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreographer">choreographer</a>, and movement theorist. He is considered a "founding father of <a href="Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">expressionist dance</a>"<a href="#cite_note-RLDC1-3">[3]</a> and a pioneer of <a href="Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TLS1-4">[4]</a> His theoretical innovations included <a href="Laban_movement_analysis" title="Laban movement analysis">Laban movement analysis</a> (a way of documenting human movement) and <a href="Labanotation" title="Labanotation">Labanotation</a> (a movement notation system), which paved the way for further developments in dance notation and movement analysis. He initiated one of the main approaches to <a href="Dance_therapy" title="Dance therapy">dance therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levy1988-5">[5]</a> His work on <a href="Theatrical" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical">theatrical</a> movement has also been influential.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He attempted to apply his ideas to several other fields, including <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">industry</a>, and <a href="Management" title="Management">management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TLS1-4">[4]</a>

Following a dress rehearsal of Laban's last choral work, Of the Warm Wind and New Joy, which he had prepared for the <a href="1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Berlin, <a href="Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> cancelled the piece<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> after which time Laban fell out of favor with the <a href="National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialist</a> government. He eventually left Germany for England in 1937 after four years of working with the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Between 1945 and 1946, he and his long-term collaborator and former student <a href="Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> founded the Laban Art of Movement Guild in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, and the Art of Movement Studio in <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, where he worked until his death. The <a href="Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a> in London has continued this legacy.

Laban was the son of Rudolf Laban Sr. (1843–1907), a military <a href="Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> in <a href="Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a> (Pozsony)<a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2">[2]</a> and (from 1899) <a href="Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> in the <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> in the provinces of <a href="Condominium_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MMRL1-9">[9]</a> and Marie (née Bridling; 1858–1926).<a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2">[2]</a> In 1897, Laban senior was ennobled by the Hungarian monarchy in recognition of his military merit and received the nobiliary predicate "de" to his family name (choosing Laban de <a href="V%C3%A1ralja" title="Váralja">Váralja</a>; a place name associated with the Laban family), whereupon Laban junior was rightly entitled to use "<a href="Von" title="Von">von</a>" in his family name in the German-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-LRR1-2">[2]</a> Laban grew up in the courtly circles of <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>.

At a young age, Laban joined a <a href="Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s" title="Csárdás">csárdás</a> dance group. At age 15 Laban entered the <a href="Theresian_Military_Academy" title="Theresian Military Academy">Theresian Military Academy</a>, but later turned his back on military service. In 1899, Laban moved to <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and began studying at the Academy of Fine Arts (Akademie der bildenden Künste). There Laban met the painter Martha Fricke from <a href="Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, whom he married on 15 December 1900. They moved to Arcisstr 44, where their daughter Azraela was born in 1901.

Parallel to Laban's studies at the art academy, he took courses at the newly opened teaching and experimental studio for free and applied art (Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für Freie und Angewandte Kunst). There Laban met his future friend Hermann Obrist, who ran the nature studies course. In 1904 Laban decided to leave Munich to visit the most famous art school in Europe, the <a href="%C3%89cole_des_Beaux-Arts" title="École des Beaux-Arts">École des Beaux-Arts</a> in <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to study <a href="Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>.

Laban's son, Arpad, was born in Paris in 1905. After three years of a fulfilled <a href="Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian lifestyle</a> with his wife, Martha Fricke died suddenly. Barely two months after the death of Laban's wife, his father also died, who had made it possible for Laban to lead an independent life with substantial financial support. From then onwards, Laban's two children grew up with their maternal grandparents.

In the years that followed, Laban led an unsteady life between Paris and Vienna, <a href="Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a> and <a href="Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. Financially bankrupt, Laban completed an apprenticeship as an <a href="Accountant" title="Accountant">accountant</a> in Nice, from which he also successfully graduated. That was to be Laban's only encounter with a regular working life.

Living with his mother in Vienna, Laban made a living as a graphic artist and caricaturist. Laban drew for the magazines <a href="Simplicissimus_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplicissimus (magazine)">Simplicissimus</a> and Jugend and continued the studies he had begun in Paris on historical dance forms. At a cultural event, Laban met the singer Maja Lederer from Munich and married her on 8 May 1910 in <a href="Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>. In the same year, they moved to Munich. With his second wife, Laban moved into a dwelling in <a href="Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a> at Hohenzollernstraße 120.

In 1911, Laban rented a room in a rear building in Munich's Theresienstraße, which he set up as a makeshift movement studio. Laban couldn't make a living with his school; he had to continue working as a commercial artist and caricaturist. Overworked to the point of exhaustion, Laban collapsed in 1912 and went to the Lahmann-Sanatorium Weißer Hirsch near <a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> for a cure, where patients were cared for according to the life-reform (<a href="Lebensreform" title="Lebensreform">Lebensreform</a>) principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10">[10]</a> In this natural healing institution, Laban met and fell in love with <a href="Suzanne_Perrottet" title="Suzanne Perrottet">Suzanne Perrottet</a>, who was also a patient there. In the years that followed, a largely harmonious triangular relationship developed between Perrottet, Laban and his wife.

Perrottet was to become Laban's most important collaborator (along with <a href="Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> and <a href="Katja_Wulff" title="Katja Wulff">Katja Wulff</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10">[10]</a> lover and mother of his child Allar Perrottet (later André Perrottet von Laban) in <a href="Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a> and <a href="Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>. During the <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Laban created a school on the natural healing colony <a href="Monte_Verit%C3%A0" title="Monte Verità">Monte Verità</a> in the Swiss canton of <a href="Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, in the municipality of <a href="Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a>, which soon attracted many followers of the new dance art.<a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11">[11]</a> It was here that Laban conducted his famous summer dance courses from 1913 to 1919. Here the students also strived to live in harmony with nature by growing their own food, vegetarianism, weaving cloth and making their own <a href="Victorian_dress_reform#Germany" title="Victorian dress reform">reform-style clothing</a>, and dancing in the great outdoors nature often nude experimenting with dynamic improvisations.<a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-TLODG1-12">[12]</a> Here Laban experienced his intellectual and artistic breakthrough, celebrating the "neuen Menschen", "Fiur-Menschen", "Anarchos", and "Orgiastos" in expressionist dance dramas.<a href="#cite_note-DIU1-11">[11]</a>

In 1915 Laban, his wife and their two children and Perrottet and son Allar moved to <a href="Hombrechtikon" title="Hombrechtikon">Hombrechtikon</a> near Zürich. There, the extended family lived a self-sufficient lifestyle similar to that on Monte Verità, growing their own food, doing a lot of manual work and sewing their own clothes (e.g. Perrottet developed comfortable clothing for everyday work and dance, which can be attributed to the <a href="Victorian_dress_reform#Germany" title="Victorian dress reform">dress reform movement</a>). At the same time, Laban founded a school for the art of movement (Schule für Bewegungskunst) in Zürich. It included interdisciplinary dance art, pantomime, improvisation and experiments with the body, voice, instruments, texts and even drawing. Later Laban only mentioned the terms: form, sound, word.

The conclusion of a large vegetarian and pacifist congress at the end of summer 1917 on Monte Verità in Ascona was the three-part dance drama Sang an die Sonne to a text by <a href="Otto_Borngr%C3%A4ber" title="Otto Borngräber">Otto Borngräber</a>. It began with the setting of the sun, which was followed by the dance of the demons of the night. This part was staged at midnight high in the mountains in front of poet-prophet <a href="Gustav_Gr%C3%A4ser" title="Gustav Gräser">Gustav Gräser</a>'s rock grotto. The face masks were created by the <a href="Dada" title="Dada">Dadaist</a> <a href="Marcel_Janco" title="Marcel Janco">Marcel Janco</a>. Early in the morning the rising, "victorious" sun was greeted as an expression of the hope of overcoming the war and a utopian higher development of mankind. At these performances worked also <a href="Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, <a href="Sophie_Taeuber" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie Taeuber">Sophie Taeuber</a> and Suzanne Perrottet.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h3></div>

Laban had been a member of a <a href="Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> association since 1913, and had founded his own masonic lodge "Johannis lodge of ancient Freemasons of the Scottish-and-Memphis-and-Misraim-Rites in the valley of Zürich" which had six brothers and ten sisters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13">[13]</a> Whilst on Monte Verità, Laban met the occultist <a href="Theodor_Reuss" title="Theodor Reuss">Theodor Reuss</a>, who had been on Monte Verità for some time and had established a local Freemason lodge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13">[13]</a> On 24 October 1917, Reuss issued a charter to Laban and Hans Rudolf Hilfiker-Dunn (1882–1955) to operate a III° <a href="Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a> Lodge in Zürich called Libertas et Fraternitas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Germany">Weimar Germany</h3></div>

After the end of World War I, Laban returned to Germany. The Zürich Laban School was taken over and continued by Perrottet. After an interlude in <a href="Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, where Laban worked with the painter <a href="Max_Ackermann" title="Max Ackermann">Max Ackermann</a>, Laban founded the Tanzbühne Laban (Dance Stage Laban) in <a href="Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> in 1922.

The first public performance of a dance poem by Laban took place in <a href="L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in the autumn of 1922 in the State Theatre. They called the performance poster by <a href="Karl_Gatermann_the_Elder" title="Karl Gatermann the Elder">Karl Gatermann the Elder</a> Der schwingende Tempel (The Swinging Temple), archived under the number PLK-Laban 29 in the Dance Archive <a href="Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. In 1923, the first Laban school was founded, which had its own movement choir. The numerous graduates of the Hamburg School successfully carried Laban's method on to various cities in Germany and Europe. In the years that followed, 24 Laban schools were set up across Europe.

In addition, Laban built up a "Choreographic Institute" in <a href="W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> (1926/27) and <a href="Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (1928/29). Together with Dussia Bereska, Laban also directed the Chamber Dance Stage (Kammertanzbühne) (1925–1927). Bereska from the Laban School in Hamburg features in the popular 1925 German cultural silent film <a href="Wege_zu_Kraft_und_Sch%C3%B6nheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit">Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit</a> (Ways to Strength and Beauty) performing Die Orchidee (The Orchid); also featuring in the same film is Mary Wigman and her dance group and the end scene from Laban's dance drama Das lebende Idol (The living Idol) where Laban himself makes an appearance.

From 1930 to 1934, Laban took over the direction of the ballet of the <a href="Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a>. Laban integrated the ideas of psychologist <a href="Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672-14">[14]</a> and in Laban's warm up program the practices of <a href="Joseph_Pilates" title="Joseph Pilates">Joseph Pilates</a>, whom according to Pilates, Laban had observed whilst Pilates was working with patients in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-JPDB1-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laban_under_National_Socialism">Laban under National Socialism</h3></div>

Laban directed major festivals of dance under the funding of <a href="Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' propaganda ministry from 1934 to 1936.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Laban even wrote during this time that "we want to dedicate our means of expression and the articulation of our power to the service of the great tasks of our <a href="Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> (People). With unswerving clarity our <a href="F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> points the way".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1936 Laban become the chairman of the association "German workshops for dance" and received a salary of 1250 <a href="%E2%84%9B%E2%84%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ℛℳ">ℛℳ</a> per month,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> but a duodenal ulcer in August of that year bed bound him for two months, eventually leading him to ask to reduce his responsibilities to consultancy.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This was accepted and his wage reduced to 500 ℛℳ, Laban's employment then ran until March 1937 when his contract ended.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

Several allegations of Laban's attachment to <a href="Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a> have been made, for instance, as early as July 1933 Laban was removing all pupils branded as non-<a href="Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a> from the children's course he was running as a ballet director.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, some Laban scholars have pointed out<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> that such actions were necessary for survival in Nazi Germany at that time, and that his position was precarious as he was neither a German citizen nor a <a href="Nazi_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party</a> member. In fact, the seizure of power by the <a href="National_Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialists">National Socialists</a> in 1933 had an immediate effect on Laban's work through the new law passed against racial overcrowding in German schools and universities of 25 April 1933 (Gesetz gegen die Überfüllung deutscher Schulen und Hochschulen), Laban was thus bound by this new law of vetting students with the racial characteristic of a "non-Aryan" descent. His work under the Nazi regime culminated in 1936 with Goebbel's banning of Vom Tauwind und der Neuen Freude (Of the Spring Wind and the New Joy), a choreography intended for the <a href="1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> in Berlin, for not furthering the Nazi agenda.<a href="#cite_note-EOE1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England">England</h3></div>

In very poor health, Laban managed to travel to Paris in August 1937.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Eventually, he was invited to England, where in February 1938 he joined up with two of his former students <a href="Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a> and <a href="Sigurd_Leeder" title="Sigurd Leeder">Sigurd Leeder</a> at the Jooss-Leeder Dance School they had founded at <a href="Dartington_Hall" title="Dartington Hall">Dartington Hall</a> in <a href="Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> (thanks to the philanthropy of <a href="Leonard_Knight_Elmhirst" title="Leonard Knight Elmhirst">Leonard Elmhirst</a> and his wife <a href="Dorothy_Payne_Whitney" title="Dorothy Payne Whitney">Dorothy Whitney</a>), where innovative dance was already being taught by other refugees from Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

Laban was greatly assisted in his dance teaching during these years by his close associates and long-term partners <a href="Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> and Sylvia Bodmer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27">[27]</a> Their collaboration led to the founding of the Laban Art of Movement Guild (now known as <a href="Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a>) in 1945 and The Art of Movement Studio in <a href="Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27">[27]</a>

In 1947, together with management consultant Fredrick Lawrence, Laban published a book Effort, <a href="Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordistic</a> study of the time taken to perform tasks in the industrial workplace and the energy used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27">[27]</a> Laban tried to provide methods intended to help eliminate "shadow movements" (which he believed wasted energy and time) and to focus instead on constructive movements necessary to the job at hand. Laban published Modern Educational Dance in 1948 when his ideas on dance for all including children were taught in many British schools. Laban died in England in 1958.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_Laban_dance_students_and_associates">Notable Laban dance students and associates</h3></div>

Among Laban's students, friends, and associates were <a href="Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a>, <a href="Suzanne_Perrottet" title="Suzanne Perrottet">Suzanne Perrottet</a>, <a href="Katja_Wulff" title="Katja Wulff">Katja Wulff</a>, <a href="Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a>, <a href="Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a>, Albrecht Knust, Dussia Bereska, <a href="Lilian_Harmel" title="Lilian Harmel">Lilian Harmel</a>, <a href="Sophie_Taeuber-Arp" title="Sophie Taeuber-Arp">Sophie Taeuber-Arp</a>, <a href="Hilde_Holger" title="Hilde Holger">Hilde Holger</a>, Ana Maletić, <a href="Mil%C4%8Da_Mayerov%C3%A1" title="Milča Mayerová">Milča Mayerová</a>, <a href="Gertrud_Kraus" title="Gertrud Kraus">Gertrud Kraus</a>, <a href="Gisa_Geert" title="Gisa Geert">Gisa Geert</a>, <a href="Warren_Lamb" title="Warren Lamb">Warren Lamb</a>, <a href="Elizabeth_Sneddon" title="Elizabeth Sneddon">Elizabeth Sneddon</a>, <a href="Dilys_Price" title="Dilys Price">Dilys Price</a>, <a href="Yat_Malmgren" title="Yat Malmgren">Yat Malmgren</a>, Sylvia Bodmer, <a href="Betty_Meredith-Jones" title="Betty Meredith-Jones">Betty Meredith-Jones</a>, and <a href="Irmgard_Bartenieff" title="Irmgard Bartenieff">Irmgard Bartenieff</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calm.trinitylaban.ac.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=LC">Laban Collection in the Laban Archive</a> at <a href="Trinity_Laban_Conservatoire_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance">Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance</a> documents Laban's life and work in the 1920s-1950s. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223151918/http://calmarchivecat.surrey.ac.uk/CalmViewNRCD/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=L">Rudolf Laban Archive at the National Resource Centre for Dance</a>, collected and organised by <a href="Lisa_Ullmann" title="Lisa Ullmann">Lisa Ullmann</a> and <a href="Ellinor_Hinks" title="Ellinor Hinks">Ellinor Hinks</a>, documents his educational work in the UK and contains many of his original drawings. The John Hodgson Collection in the Brotherton Library at Leeds University holds original documents relating to Laban's career in Europe in the early twentieth century. Other archives holding material about Laban include the Tanzarchiv Leipzig, Dartington Archive, and the German Dance Archives, Cologne.

Laban's students went on to found their own schools of modern dance, influencing their own pupils through the 20th century:

<ul><li>Rudolf von Laban

<ul><li><a href="Kurt_Jooss" title="Kurt Jooss">Kurt Jooss</a> (<a href="Ausdruckstanz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausdruckstanz">Ausdruckstanz</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a> (<a href="Tanztheater" title="Tanztheater">Tanztheater</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a> (<a href="Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">Expressionist dance</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Ursula_Cain" title="Ursula Cain">Ursula Cain</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heike_Hennig" title="Heike Hennig">Heike Hennig</a> (see <a href="Dancing_with_Time" title="Dancing with Time">Dancing with Time</a>)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Hanya Holm</a>

<ul><li><a href="Valerie_Bettis" title="Valerie Bettis">Valerie Bettis</a></li>

<li><a href="Alwin_Nikolais" title="Alwin Nikolais">Alwin Nikolais</a>—decentralization

<ul><li><a href="Murray_Louis" title="Murray Louis">Murray Louis</a></li>

<li><a href="Beverly_Schmidt_Blossom" title="Beverly Schmidt Blossom">Beverly Schmidt Blossom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_publications">Works and publications</h2></div>

<ul><li>(Undated). Harmonie Lehre Der Bewegung (German). (Handwritten copy by Sylvia Bodmer of a book by Rudolf Laban) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calm.trinitylaban.ac.uk/calmview/Record.aspx?src=Catalog&id=LC">London: Laban Collection</a> S. B. 48.</li>

<li>(1920). Die Welt des Taenzers [The world of Dancers] (German). Stuttgart: Walter Seifert. (3rd edition, 1926)</li>

<li>(1926). Choreographie: Erstes Heft (German). Jena: Eugen Diederichs.</li>

<li>(1926). Gymnastik und Tanz (German). Oldenburg: Stalling.</li>

<li>(1926). Des Kindes Gymnastik und Tanz (German). Oldenburg: Stalling.</li>

<li>(1928). Schrifttanz: Methodik, Orthographie, Erlaeuterungen (German). Vienna: Universal Edition.</li>

<li>(1929). "Das Choreographische Institut Laban" in Monographien der Ausbildungen fuer Tanz und Taenzerische Koeperbildung (German). Edited by Liesel Freund. Berlin-Charlottenburg: L. Alterthum.</li>

<li>(1947). with F. C. Lawrence. Effort: Economy of Human Movement London: MacDonald and Evans. (4th reprint 1967)</li>

<li>(1948). Modern Educational Dance. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd Edition 1963, revised by Lisa Ullmann)</li>

<li>(1948). "President's address at the annual general meeting of the Laban art of movement guild". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 1 (April): 5–8.</li>

<li>(1950). The Mastery of Movement on the Stage. London: MacDonald and Evans.</li>

<li>(1951). "What has led you to study movement? Answered by R. Laban". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 7 (Sept.): 8–11.</li>

<li>(1952). "The art of movement in the school". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 8 (March): 10–16.</li>

<li>(1956). Laban's Principles of Dance and Movement Notation. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd edition 1975, annotated and edited by Roderyk Lange)</li>

<li>(1960). The Mastery of Movement. (2nd Edition of The Mastery of Movement on the Stage), revised and enlarged by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (3rd Edition, 1971. London: MacDonald and Evans) (1st American Edition, 1971. Boston: Plays) (4th Edition, 1980. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House)</li>

<li>(1966). Choreutics. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans.</li>

<li>(1974). The Language of Movement; A Guide Book to Choreutics. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. Boston: Plays. (American publication of Choreutics)</li>

<li>(1975). A Life For Dance; Reminiscencs. Translated and annotated by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1935.)</li>

<li>(1984). A Vision of Dynamic Space. Compiled by Lisa Ullmann. London: The Falmer Press.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> An old source (Samuel Thornton, Laban's Theory of Movement: A New Perspective, Plays, 1971, p. 3) giving the birth name Lábán Rezső Keresztelő Szent János Attila is considered discredited and anecdotal as per Suzanne Walther, Dance of Death: Kurt Jooss and the Weimar Years, Routledge, 2013, p. 41 n. 11.

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFVojtek1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vojtek, Miklós (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalligramoz.eu/Kalligram/Archivum/1999/VIII.-evf.-1999.-december/Laban-Rudolf-pozsonyi-gyoekerei">"Lábán Rudolf pozsonyi gyökerei"</a> [The roots of Rudolf in Bratislava] (in Hungarian). Bratislava: Kalligram Publishing House. Retrieved 2022-01-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RLDC1-3"><a href="#cite_ref-RLDC1_3-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDörr2008" class="citation book cs1">Dörr, Evelyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGGMhEEtg04C">Rudolf Laban, The Dancer of the Crystal</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 99–101. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780810860070</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TLS1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TLS1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TLS1_4-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMcCaw2011" class="citation news cs1">McCaw, Dick (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1ZBwAAQBAJ">"The Laban Sourcebook"</a>. London, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis. p. 1. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415543330</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Levy1988-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Levy1988_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLevy_FJ1988" class="citation book cs1">Levy FJ (1988). "Laban movement analysis and dance therapy in the United States". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED291746.pdf">Dance/movement therapy: a healing art</a> (PDF). Reston, Va.: <a href="National_Dance_Association" title="National Dance Association">National Dance Association</a>. pp. 131–164. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-88314-380-1</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121012819/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED291746.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2022 – via <a href="Institute_of_Education_Sciences" title="Institute of Education Sciences">Institute of Education Sciences</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Evans M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/67544f70-8861-3714-5111-f43d6c90d24a/1/Evans2008.pdf">Movement training for the modern actor</a> (PDF). New York: Routledge. p. 17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780203883549</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102052517/https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/file/67544f70-8861-3714-5111-f43d6c90d24a/1/Evans2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2018 – via <a href="Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Lilian Karina in <cite id="CITEREFKarinaMarion_Kant2004" class="citation book cs1">Karina, Lilian; Marion Kant (2004). Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich. Translated by Jonathan Steinberg. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFranco2012" class="citation book cs1">Franco, Susanne (2012). "Rudolf Laban's Dance Film Projects". In Manning, Susan; Ruprecht, Lucia (eds.). New German Dance Studies. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 64. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780252078439</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MMRL1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-MMRL1_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHodgson2016" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3IWDAAAQBAJ">Mastering Movement, The Life and Work of Rudolf Laban</a>. New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 17. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781135860868</bdi>. Retrieved 2022-01-30.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200824–45_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDörr2008">Dörr 2008</a>, pp. 24–45.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DIU1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DIU1_11-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicholas2007" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Larraine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58AdAQAAIAAJ">Dancing in Utopia</a>. Binsted, England: Dance Books. pp. 36–41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781852731212</bdi>. Retrieved 2022-01-29.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-TLODG1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-TLODG1_12-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSavrami2019" class="citation book cs1">Savrami, Katia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Ve-DwAAQBAJ">Tracing the Landscape of Dance in Greece</a>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 26–27. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781527543331</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDörr200867–68_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDörr2008">Dörr 2008</a>, pp. 67–68.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgson201672_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgson2016">Hodgson 2016</a>, p. 72.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JPDB1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-JPDB1_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRincke2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rincke, Eva (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49laDwAAQBAJ">Joseph Pilates, Die Biografie</a> [Joseph Pilates, The Biography] (in German). Feiburg im Breisgau: Verlag Herder. pp. 96–97, 147, 173. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783451600425</bdi>. Retrieved 2022-01-31.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Manning, Susan. "Reinterpreting Laban" a review of "Body-Space-Expression: The Development of Rudolf Laban's Movement and Dance Concepts" by Vera Maletic. Dance Chronicle, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1988), pp. 315–320.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Rudolf Laban, "Meister und Werk in der Tanzkunst," Deutsche Tanzzeitschrift, May 1936, quoted in <a href="Horst_Koegler" title="Horst Koegler">Horst Koegler</a>, "Vom Ausdruckstanz zum 'Bewegungschor' des deutschen Volkes: Rudolf von Laban," in Intellektuellen im Bann des National Sozialismus, ed. Karl Corino (Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe, 1980), p. 176.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 244.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 254.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion, 2003 (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, p. 256.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Karina, Lillian & Kant, Marion (translator: Steinberg, Jonathan). "Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich", New York & Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Preston-Dunlop, Valerie. "Rudolf Laban An Extraordinary Life" (Dance Books, 1998) (especially Chap. 9 'The Nazification of Culture' and Chap. 10 'Survival').

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EOE1-23"><a href="#cite_ref-EOE1_23-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFToepfer1997" class="citation book cs1">Toepfer, Karl Eric (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvYUZh75WwC">Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910–1935</a>. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press. p. 315. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780520918276</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Kew, Carole. "From Weimar Movement Choir to Nazi Community Dance: The Rise and Fall of Rudolf Laban's "Festkultur"".Dance Research: The Journal of the Society for Dance Research, Vol. 17, No. 2 (1999): pp. 73–96.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Preston-Dunlop 1998, pp. 201-203.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Preston-Dunlop 1998, p. 204.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaw2011XVIII_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCaw2011">McCaw 2011</a>, p. XVIII.

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rudolf_von_Laban" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Rudolf von Laban">Rudolf von Laban</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0t1nc9dc">Guide to the Rudolf Laban Icosahedron.</a> Special Collections and Archives, The University of California Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinitylaban.ac.uk/about-us/our-history/rudolf-laban">Rudolf Laban</a> - biography from Trinity Laban site</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limsonline.org">Limsonline</a> Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies - LIMS NYC</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142054/http://www.labanproject.com/bios.html">Short biographies of Laban and some leading Laban practitioners</a> - website of Laban Project</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laban-eurolab.org/">EUROLAB - European Association of Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laban-bartenieff-berlin.de/">EUROLAB Certificate Programs in Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Laban,_Rudolf_von" class="extiw external" title="scores:Category:Laban, Rudolf von">Free scores by Rudolf von Laban</a> at the <a href="International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Expressionism476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Expressionists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a></li>

<li><a href="Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="%C3%89cole_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École de Paris">École de Paris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a></li>

<li><a href="Yitzhak_Frenkel_Frenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel">Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Mintchine" title="Abraham Mintchine">Abraham Mintchine</a></li>

<li><a href="Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a></li>

<li><a href="Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a></li>

<li><a href="Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blue_Horse_I" title="Blue Horse I">Blue Horse I</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Blue_Rider_(Kandinsky)" title="The Blue Rider (Kandinsky)">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li>

<li>Carcass of Beef</li>

<li>Pierrot</li>

<li>Les Platanes à Céret</li>

<li><a href="The_Scream" title="The Scream">The Scream</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressionist architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruno_Taut" title="Bruno Taut">Bruno Taut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German expressionist cinema</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a></li>

<li><a href="F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a></li>

<li><a href="From_Caligari_to_Hitler" title="From Caligari to Hitler">From Caligari to Hitler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance">Expressionist dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressionist literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%C8%98tefan_Baciu" title="Ștefan Baciu">Ștefan Baciu</a></li>

<li><a href="Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Uri Zvi Greenberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li>

<li><a href="Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Die Brücke</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fritz_Bleyl" title="Fritz Bleyl">Fritz Bleyl</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressionist music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></li>

<li><a href="Marij_Kogoj" title="Marij Kogoj">Marij Kogoj</a></li>

<li><a href="Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expressionist sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a></li>

<li><a href="Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressionism_(theatre)" title="Expressionism (theatre)">Expressionism (theatre)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108896161">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39418539">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/14371">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4cvFcCypGRWv93vqWjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118568434">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041902">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171783r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171783r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00446605">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0150696&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071318542">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90104708">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000191835&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000012857&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64218">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199615707">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvx0zj25gh69sk">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664008705606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007586343705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512905006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14545874">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01157937?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500433949">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118568434">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/l0004">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118568434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118568434">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028973739">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009514">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban">Theaterlexikon</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fx7c62">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/ccb2f845-47d0-46c1-9765-941c21dc8a98">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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